The Multidimensional Soft Power of Illiberal States: Russia in the Western Balkans

Abstract This article aims to make a threefold contribution the study of soft power. First, considering that potential power illiberal states is both underestimated and distorted, this presents two-dimensional conceptualization Russia’s power, distinguishing between posture toward liberal international order, sources foreign policy. Second, it analyzes whether Russian in Western Balkan countries remains ideologically relevant beyond its hitherto conceptualizations as either result historic cultural ties with region, or reflection policy strategies. Through an analysis elite discourses news media exemplified speeches, press releases, interviews, locates, challenges, develops on indicators Balkans. Finally, contributes surmounting residing democratic bias states, showing not only can they be attractive but their scope influence differs according multi-layered nature